Metabolic bone disease can result from....

• A. Calcium deficiency
• B. Vitamin D deficiency
• C. Improper calcium:phosphorus ratio
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Metabolic bone disease stems from problems with bone mineralization, which can arise when the diet or environment disrupts calcium metabolism. Calcium deficiency reduces the mineral available for bones. Vitamin D deficiency impairs the body’s ability to absorb calcium from the gut, so even if calcium is present, the bones don’t get enough. An improper calcium-to-phosphorus ratio disrupts how minerals are deposited into bone, tipping the balance toward soft, demineralized bones. Any one of these issues can trigger MBD, and together they raise the risk even more. That’s why all of these factors can contribute to metabolic bone disease.